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Muhammad Ali [a] (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was the Ottoman Albanian [3] viceroy and governor who became the de facto ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, widely considered the founder of modern Egypt.
It lasted from 1803 to 1807 with the Muhammad Ali Pasha taking control of Egypt in 1805, when the Ottoman Sultan acknowledged his position. Thereafter, Muhammad Ali was the undisputed ruler of Egypt, and his efforts henceforth were directed primarily to the maintenance of his practical independence.
Rulers of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty governed Egypt and Sudan as absolute monarchs until constitutional rule was established in August 1878. [13] Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , the Egyptian and Sudanese monarchy emerged as the most important in the Middle East and the wider Arab world . [ 14 ]
Muhammad Ali was an Albanian commander in the Ottoman Albanian army that was sent to drive Napoleon's forces out of Egypt. [1] After Napoleon’s withdrawal, he aligned himself with Omar Makram , the leader of Egyptian resistance against the French, rose to power with his Albanian troops, and forced the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II to recognise him ...
The Muhammad Ali dynasty ruled Egypt without interruption from Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in 1805 until the proclamation of the Republic in 1953. Eleven individuals (all of them men) ruled Egypt during the dynasty's 148-year lifespan.
In the preceding decades, Muhammad Ali had expanded and strengthened his hold on Ottoman territory, beginning with Egypt, where he acted as a viceroy for the Sultan. Called upon to assist the Ottomans in the Greek War of Independence , Muhammad Ali in return demanded parts of Ottoman Syria to be transferred to his personal rule.
Muhammad Ali, meanwhile, had been conducting an expedition against the Mamluk beys in Upper Egypt, and after defeating them near Asyut, he heard of the arrival of the British. Alarmed lest the surviving Mamluk beys should join the British, especially as they were already far north of his position, he immediately sent messengers to his rivals ...
Mehmed Ali Pasha may refer to: Muhammad Ali of Egypt (1769–1849), considered the founder of modern Egypt; Çerkes Mehmed Pasha (died 1625), Ottoman statesman and grand vizier; Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871), Ottoman statesman and grand vizier; Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal) (1827–1878), Prussian-born Ottoman soldier