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In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD (/ ˈ ɪ m r æ d /) (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) [1] is a common organizational structure for the format of a document. IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type.
A modification of Marsaglia's Xorshift generators, one of the fastest generators on modern 64-bit CPUs. Related generators include xoroshiro128**, xoshiro256+ and xoshiro256**. 64-bit MELG (MELG-64) 2018 S. Harase, T. Kimoto [38] An implementation of 64-bit maximally equidistributed F 2-linear generators with Mersenne prime period. Squares RNG ...
The generator computes an odd 128-bit value and returns its upper 64 bits. This generator passes BigCrush from TestU01, but fails the TMFn test from PractRand. That test has been designed to catch exactly the defect of this type of generator: since the modulus is a power of 2, the period of the lowest bit in the output is only 2 62, rather than ...
Compressing PDF files to shrink the file size is also possible. Since version 10.0.0 an added toolbox is present as well. Some features of the software include, but are not limited to: [5] [6] Merge multiple PDF into one file; Rotating, extracting, inserting pages; Integrated preview for PDF editing; PDF encryption, decryption and signing ...
an Office suite; allows to export (and import, with accuracy limitations) PDF files. Microsoft Word 2013: Proprietary: Desktop software. The 2013 edition of Office allows PDF files to be converted into a format that can be edited. Nitro PDF Reader: Trialware: Text highlighting, draw lines and measure distances in PDF files. Nitro PDF Pro ...
If c = 0, the generator is often called a multiplicative congruential generator (MCG), or Lehmer RNG. If c ≠ 0, the method is called a mixed congruential generator. [1]: 4- When c ≠ 0, a mathematician would call the recurrence an affine transformation, not a linear one, but the misnomer is well-established in computer science. [2]: 1
The time saving is minimal, as the most expensive operation (the 64×64-bit multiply) remains, so the normal version is preferred except in extremis. Still, this faster version also passes statistical tests. [4] When executing on a 32-bit processor, the 64×64-bit multiply must be implemented using three 32×32→64-bit multiply operations.
An astrophysical Monte Carlo simulator examined the time to generate 10 7 64-bit random numbers using RDRAND on a quad-core Intel i7-3740 QM processor. They found that a C implementation of RDRAND ran about 2× slower than the default random number generator in C, and about 20× slower than the Mersenne Twister .