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Spatial orientation (the inverse being spatial disorientation, aka spatial-D) is the ability to maintain body orientation and posture in relation to the surrounding environment (physical space) at rest and during motion. Humans have evolved to maintain spatial orientation on the ground.
Orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: time, place and person. [1] Problems with orientation lead to disorientation, and can be due to various conditions. It ranges from an inability to coherently understand person, place, time, and situation, to complete orientation.
Topographical disorientation is the inability to orient oneself in one's surroundings, sometimes as a result of focal brain damage. [1] This disability may result from the inability to make use of selective spatial information (e.g., environmental landmarks) or to orient by means of specific cognitive strategies such as the ability to form a mental representation of the environment, also known ...
Sense of direction is the ability to know one's location and perform wayfinding. [1] [2] It is related to cognitive maps, spatial awareness, and spatial cognition. [3]Sense of direction can be impaired by brain damage, such as in the case of topographical disorientation.
For example, on the International Space Station the Earth's gravity is nearly 90% as strong as at the surface. Objects orbiting in space would not remain in orbit if not for the gravitational force, and gravitational fields extend even into the depths of intergalactic space. [5] [6] [7] The dark side of the Moon illuminated by the Sun.
Spatial anxiety (sometimes also referred to as spatial orientation discomfort [1]) is a sense of anxiety an individual experiences while processing environmental information contained in one's geographical space (in the sense of Montello's classification of space), [2] with the purpose of navigation and orientation through that space (usually unfamiliar, or very little known). [3]
Figural space is the first and most restricted space that refers to the area that a person's body covers without any movement, including objects that can be easily reached. Vista space is the second subspace that refers to the space beyond the body but that is still close enough to be completely visualized without moving, for example, a room.
The Coriolis effect is a concern for pilots and astronauts, where it can cause extreme disorientation. [14] [15] [5] [16] [17] This happens as pilots turn or rotate their aircraft, while also turning their head. It has been noted as difficult to report, as oftentimes the sensation is difficult to describe. [5]