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Haber's rule states that, for a given poisonous gas, =, where is the concentration of the gas (mass per unit volume), is the amount of time necessary to breathe the gas to produce a given toxic effect, and is a constant, depending on both the gas and the effect. Thus, the rule states that doubling the concentration will halve the time, for example.
The Haber process, [1] also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) to ammonia (NH 3 ) by a reaction with hydrogen (H 2 ) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
Biological thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of biological systems) is a science that explains the nature and general laws of thermodynamic processes occurring in living organisms as nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems that convert the energy of the Sun and food into other types of energy.
For example, if equilibrium is specified by a single chemical equation:, [24] ∑ j = 0 m ν j R j = 0 {\displaystyle \sum _{j=0}^{m}\nu _{j}R_{j}=0} where ν j is the stoichiometric coefficient for the j th molecule (negative for reactants, positive for products) and R j is the symbol for the j th molecule, a properly balanced equation will obey:
Equilibrium moisture content, the moisture content at which the wood is neither gaining nor losing moisture; Equilibrium point, in mathematics, a constant solution to a differential equation; Reflective equilibrium, the state of balance or coherence among a set of beliefs arrived at by a process of deliberative mutual adjustment
In a new bottle of soda, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the liquid phase has a particular value. If half of the liquid is poured out and the bottle is sealed, carbon dioxide will leave the liquid phase at an ever-decreasing rate, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the gas phase will increase until equilibrium is reached.
In biochemistry, steady state refers to the maintenance of constant internal concentrations of molecules and ions in the cells and organs of living systems. [1] Living organisms remain at a dynamic steady state where their internal composition at both cellular and gross levels are relatively constant, but different from equilibrium concentrations. [1]
The equation of chemical equilibrium can be expressed symbolically as reactant(s) ⇌ product(s) The sign ⇌ means "are in equilibrium with". This definition refers to macroscopic properties. Changes do occur at the microscopic level of atoms and molecules, but to such a minute extent that they are not measurable and in a balanced way so that ...