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A varus deformity is an excessive inward angulation (medial angulation, that is, towards the body's midline) of the distal segment of a bone or joint. The opposite of varus is called valgus . The terms varus and valgus always refer to the direction that the distal segment of the joint points.
On projectional radiography, the degree of varus or valgus deformity can be quantified by the hip-knee-ankle angle, [7] which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the ankle joint. [8] It is normally between 1.0° and 1.5° of varus in adults. [9] Normal ranges are different in children. [10]
Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees. This results in the leg being shortened and the development of a limp. It may be congenital and is commonly caused by injury, such as a fracture.
Similarly, varus stress test can be performed to access the integrity of the lateral collateral ligament. The degree of collateral ligament sprain can also be assessed during the valgus and varus tests. In a first degree tear, the ligament has less than 5 mm laxity with a definite resistance when the knee is pulled.
The degree of varus or valgus deformity can be quantified by the hip-knee-ankle angle, [36] which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the ankle joint. [37] It is normally between 1.0° and 1.5° of varus in adults. [38] Normal ranges are different in children. [39]
However, affected limbs may show lameness or joint swelling, resulting in limps of varying degree to the animal. [ 6 ] Radiographs can be used to assess the location of the deviation, the degree of deviation from normal, the condition of the bones within the affected joint, the appearance of the growth plates, and response to treatment over time.
There are two versions of this test: valgus at 0 degrees and valgus at 30 degrees. When performing the test at 30 degrees, the MCL is the primary stabilizer; the joint capsule is also tested. When tested at 0 degrees, the MCL, medial joint capsule, and anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are stressed.
In humans, the two femurs converge medially toward the knees, where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae.The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral-tibial angle.