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Thus the state plane coordinate system is still useful. Originally, the state plane coordinate systems were based on the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). Later, the more accurate North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) became the standard (a geodetic datum is the way a coordinate system is linked to the physical Earth). More recently there ...
In the first half of the 20th century, State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCS) brought the simplicity and convenience of Cartesian coordinates to state-level areas, providing high accuracy (low distortion) survey-grade coordinates for use primarily by state and local governments. (Both of these planar systems remain in use today for specialized ...
The North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) is the vertical datum for orthometric heights established for vertical control surveying in the United States based upon the General Adjustment of the North American Datum of 1988. [1] It superseded the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29), [2] previously known as the Sea Level ...
Google Chrome: Includes a PDF viewer. GSview: Open source software and Ghostscript's viewer for Windows. Microsoft Edge: Includes a PDF viewer. Microsoft Reader: A discontinued PDF viewer in Windows 8.1. Mozilla Firefox: Includes a PDF viewer. MuPDF: Free lightweight document viewer. Nitro PDF Reader: Freeware (though proprietary) PDF reader ...
PDF-XChange Viewer (now superseded by the PDF-XChange Editor) is a freemium PDF reader for Microsoft Windows. It supports saving PDF forms and importing or exporting form data in FDF/XFDF format. Since version 2.5, there has been partial support for XFA, and exporting form data in XML Data Package (XDP) or XML format.
Each state has its own set of reference parameters given in the standard. [8] The U.S. National Geodetic Survey's "State Plane Coordinate System of 1983" uses the Lambert conformal conic projection to define the grid-coordinate systems used in several states, primarily those that are elongated west to east such as Tennessee.
A (relatively prominent) survey monument that is part of the NSRS [1]. The National Spatial Reference System (NSRS), managed by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), is a coordinate system that includes latitude, longitude, elevation, and other values.
The datum was defined by the observed heights of mean sea level at the 26 tide gauges and by the set of elevations of all bench marks resulting from the adjustment of observations. The adjustment required a total of 66,315 miles (106,724 km) of levelling with 246 closed circuits and 25 circuits at sea level.