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The Gandhara grave culture of present-day Pakistan is known by its "protohistoric graves", which were spread mainly in the middle Swat River valley and named the Swat Protohistoric Graveyards Complex, dated in that region to c. 1200 –800 BCE. [1]
Gandhara (IAST: Gandhāra) was an ancient Indo-Aryan [1] civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan. [2] [3] [4] The core of the region of Gandhara was the Peshawar and Swat valleys extending as far east as the Pothohar Plateau in Punjab, though the cultural influence of Greater Gandhara extended westwards into the Kabul valley in Afghanistan, and ...
By the later 6th century BCE, the founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Cyrus, soon after his conquests of Media, Lydia, and Babylonia, marched into Gandhara and annexed it into his empire. [11]
Gandhara Satrapy was established in the general region of the old Gandhara grave culture, in what is today Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. During Achaemenid rule, the Kharosthi alphabet, derived from the one used for Aramaic (the official language of Achaemenids), developed here and remained the national script of Gandhara until 200 CE.
The Gandhara grave culture, which emerged c. 1600 BCE and flourished from c. 1500 BCE to 500 BCE in Gandhara, modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, is thus the most likely locus of the earliest bearers of Rigvedic culture. About 1800 BCE, there is a major cultural change in the Swat Valley with the emergence of the Gandhara grave culture.
Vrishabha Sen was the Ganadhara of Tīrthankara Rishabhanatha.According to Jain legends, after the nirvana of Rishabhanatha, Bharata was in grief. Ganadhara Vrisabha Sen saw him and spoke to him:
Gandhara among the kingdoms of Epic Indian history. Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार) was an ancient Indian kingdom mentioned in the Indian epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. Gandhara prince Shakuni was the root of all the conspiracies of Duryodhana against the Pandavas, which finally resulted in the Kurukshetra War.
Culture: Late Vedic Period: Gandhara grave culture (Brahmin ideology) [b] • early Upanishads • Painted Grey Ware culture (Kshatriya/Shramanic culture) [c] • Northern Black Polished Ware: 800-600 BCE: Gandhara: Kuru-Pancala: Kosala-Videha: Culture: Late Vedic Period Mahajanapada: Gandhara grave culture (Brahmin ideology) [d] • early ...