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Batter-post rigid frame bridges are defined by their supports that run from the deck to the abutments at an angle. This design supports the deck in a similar way to v-shaped piers but differs in how the foundations must be built. The piers bear on or next to the abutments, eliminating the need for foundations directly beneath the bridge.
This highly compressed format facilitates the storage of different representations of a 3D model. For example, it is possible to save only a visual representation that consists of polygons (a tessellation ), and it is also possible to save the model's exact geometry ( B-rep data).
In the deck-type bridge, a wood, steel or reinforced concrete bridge deck is supported on top of two or more plate girders, and may act compositely with them. In the case of railroad bridges, the railroad ties themselves may form the bridge deck, or the deck may support ballast on which the track is laid.
A grid deck uses beams and diaphragms as the supporting structure. The supporting system of a grid deck is analyzed using a grillage analysis. A slab deck is one where the deck is analyzed as a plate. If the slab has a stiffness that is different in two directions (at right angles), then the deck is known and analyzed as an orthotropic deck.
DETAIL.de: Architects and building engineers can find topical everyday reports on architecture and details of current events as well as information on building law, building physics and construction materials in this DETAIL gateway to architecture. The archive contains articles published in past issues of the journal which can be downloaded.
Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of computer-aided design systems (CAD). There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for the production of technical drawings: two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D). An example of a drawing drafted in AutoCAD
Side view of a beam with two weld access holes cut into the web. Also the flanges have been beveled in preparation for welding. The weld access hole or rat hole is a structural engineering technique in which a part of the web of an I-beam or T-beam is cut out at the end or ends of the beam.
During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety and operational investigations, such as a Hazard and operability study (HAZOP). To do this, it is critical to demonstrate the physical sequence of equipment and systems, as well as how these systems connect.