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Mamluk or Mamaluk (/ ˈ m æ m l uː k /; Arabic: مملوك, romanized: mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); [2] translated as "one who is owned", [5] meaning "slave") [7] were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and ...
Sultans of the Mamluk Sultanate The Cairo Citadel, the seat of power of the Mamluk sultans Details Last monarch Tuman bay II Formation 1250 Abolition 1517 Residence Cairo The following is a list of Mamluk sultans. The Mamluk Sultanate was founded in 1250 by mamluks of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub and it succeeded the Ayyubid state. It was based in Cairo and for much of its history, the ...
The Mamluks were motivated by personal piety or political expediency for Islam was both an assimilating and unifying factor between the Mamluks and the majority of their subjects; the early mamluks had been brought up as Sunni Muslims and the Islamic faith was the only aspect of life shared between the Mamluk ruling elite and its subjects.
The Ayyubid emir and future sultan al-Salih Ayyub had acquired about one thousand mamluks (some of them free-born) from Syria, Egypt and Arabia by 1229, while serving as na'ib (viceroy) of Egypt during the absence of his father, Sultan al-Kamil (r. 1218–1238). These mamluks were called the 'Salihiyya' (singular 'Salihi') after their master. [10]
The Mamluk dynasty (lit. ' Slave dynasty '), or the Mamluk Sultanate, is the historiographical name or umbrella term used to refer to the three dynasties of Mamluk origin who ruled the Ghurid territories in India and subsequently, the Sultanate of Delhi, from 1206 to 1290 [9] [10] [11] — the Qutbi dynasty (1206–1211), the first Ilbari or Shamsi dynasty (1211–1266) and the second Ilbari ...
By 1516, the Ottomans were free from other concerns — Sultan Selim I had just vanquished the Safavid Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 [22] —and turned their full might against the Mamluks, who still ruled in Syria and Egypt, to complete the Ottoman conquest of the Middle East. [22]
The military orders were dominant in the 15th century, providing forces to deal with both Muslim and heretical threats. These included the Knights Hospitaller , headquartered at Rhodes ; the Teutonic Knights , operating from the Ordensstaat in Central Europe and the Baltic; the Order of the Dragon formed to fight the Ottomans; and the remnants ...
Thus freed of other concerns, by 1516, the Ottoman Empire turned its full might against the Mamluks to complete the Ottoman conquest of the Middle East. [2] Sultan Selim alleged that the Mamluks were Muslim oppressors and that they were allied with the Shia Safavids. Based on these accusations, a fatwa appeared, stating: “Whoever helps people ...