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The pathophysiology of Stone Heart Syndrome involves a complex interplay of cellular and molecular mechanisms. The primary driver is an abnormal increase in intracellular calcium within the heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). This calcium overload disrupts the normal contraction-relaxation cycle of the heart muscle. [1]
Positive Bowditch effect causes an increase in cardiac output due to the increased force of contraction of heart muscles. [7]This phenomenon is usually absent or even reversed (negative Bowditch effect) in heart failure and other diseases of heart, such as cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease.
After menopause, when estrogen levels drop, the risk of heart disease in women goes up and becomes higher than in men of the same age.” Estrogen protects the cardiovascular system in several ways.
These calcium ions bind to and open more calcium channels (called ryanodine receptors) located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum within the cell, allowing the flow of calcium out of the SR. These calcium ions are responsible for the contraction of the heart. Calcium also activates chloride channels called I to2, which allow Cl − to enter the cell ...
Increase the amount of calcium in the sarcoplasm. More calcium available for Troponin to use will increase the force developed. Decreasing contractility is done primarily by decreasing the influx of calcium or maintaining lower calcium levels in the cytosol of cardiac myocytes during an action potential.
A coronary CT calcium scan is a computed tomography (CT) scan of the heart for the assessment of severity of coronary artery disease. Specifically, it looks for calcium deposits in atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries that can narrow arteries and increase the risk of heart attack. [1] These plaques are the cause of most heart ...
It is important to note that intracellular calcium causes muscular contraction in contractile cells, and is the effector ion. In heart pacemaker cells, phase 0 depends on the activation of L-type calcium channels instead of the activation of voltage-gated fast sodium channels, which are responsible for initiating action potentials in ...
Contraction band necrosis is a type of uncontrolled cell death unique to cardiac myocytes and thought to arise in reperfusion from hypercontraction, which results in sarcolemmal rupture. [ 1 ] It is a characteristic histologic finding of a recent myocardial infarction (heart attack) that was partially reperfused.
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