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Here there is a choice between separating the spheres into regions of close-packed equal spheres, or combining the multiple sizes of spheres into a compound or interstitial packing. When many sizes of spheres (or a distribution) are available, the problem quickly becomes intractable, but some studies of binary hard spheres (two sizes) are ...
The volume can be computed without use of the Gamma function. As is proved below using a vector-calculus double integral in polar coordinates, the volume V of an n-ball of radius R can be expressed recursively in terms of the volume of an (n − 2)-ball, via the interleaved recurrence relation:
If one knows that the volume of a cone is (), then one can use Cavalieri's principle to derive the fact that the volume of a sphere is , where is the radius. That is done as follows: Consider a sphere of radius r {\displaystyle r} and a cylinder of radius r {\displaystyle r} and height r {\displaystyle r} .
The volume of a spherical cap with a curved base can be calculated by considering two spheres with radii and , separated by some distance , and for which their surfaces intersect at =. That is, the curvature of the base comes from sphere 2.
The formula for the volume of the -ball can be derived from this by integration. Similarly the surface area element of the ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} -sphere of radius r {\displaystyle r} , which generalizes the area element of the 2 {\displaystyle 2} -sphere, is given by
The empty space between spheres varies depending on the type of packing. The amount of empty space is measured in the packing density, which is defined as the ratio of the volume of the spheres to the volume of the total convex hull. The higher the packing density, the less empty space there is in the packing and thus the smaller the volume of ...
In this case the volume of the band is the volume of the whole sphere, which matches the formula given above. An early study of this problem was written by 17th-century Japanese mathematician Seki Kōwa. According to Smith & Mikami (1914), Seki called this solid an arc-ring, or in Japanese kokan or kokwan. [1]
The volume of the unit sphere reachable by the animal has the form of a three-dimensional lens with differently shaped sides and defined by the two spherical caps. The volume V {\displaystyle V} of a lens with two spheres of radii R , r {\displaystyle R,r} and distance between the centers d {\displaystyle d} is