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Cross-coupling reactions are important for the production of pharmaceuticals, [4] examples being montelukast, eletriptan, naproxen, varenicline, and resveratrol. [21] with Suzuki coupling being most widely used. [22] Some polymers and monomers are also prepared in this way. [23]
In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (where R = organic group, M = main group centre metal atom) reacts with an organic halide of the type R'-X with formation of a new carbon-carbon bond in the product R-R'. The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction. [1] [2] [3]
Therefore, to terminate the polymerization, a quenching agent must be added, such as a strong acid to protonate the polymer, or a nucleophile to add an end cap the polymer. If the π-complex is too weakly bound, termination of polymer chains can occur before a quenching agent is added, causing lower molecular weight polymers to form.
Building blocks that make up the network of CMPs must contain an aromatic system and have at least two reactive groups. To generate the porous structure of CMPs, cross-coupling of building blocks with different geometries to create a 3-D polymer backbone is necessary, while self-condensation reactions occur in the homo-coupling of building blocks with similar geometry. [2]
In polymer chemistry, polymerization (American English), or polymerisation (British English), is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks. [1] [2] [3] There are many forms of polymerization [4] and different systems exist to categorize them. IUPAC definition for ...
In polymer chemistry "cross-linking" usually refers to the use of cross-links to promote a change in the polymers' physical properties. When "crosslinking" is used in the biological field, it refers to the use of a probe to link proteins together to check for protein–protein interactions , as well as other creative cross-linking methodologies.
In organic chemistry, the Kumada coupling is a type of cross coupling reaction, useful for generating carbon–carbon bonds by the reaction of a Grignard reagent and an organic halide. The procedure uses transition metal catalysts , typically nickel or palladium, to couple a combination of two alkyl , aryl or vinyl groups .
Typically the electrophilic coupling partner (R-X) is an aryl halide, but triflates are also used. Nucleophilic coupling (R'-Y) partners are more diverse. In the Suzuki reaction, boronic esters and boronic acids serve as nucleophilic coupling partners. [1] Expanding the scope of coupling partners is a focus methods development in organic ...