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Transit Oriented Development. Many of the new towns created after World War II in Japan, Sweden, and France have many of the characteristics of TOD communities. In a sense, nearly all communities built on reclaimed land in the Netherlands or as exurban developments in Denmark have had the local equivalent of TOD principles integrated in their planning, including the promotion of bicycles for ...
Other models for planning include rational actor, transit oriented development, satisficing, incremental planning, organizational process, collaborative planning, and political bargaining. Planners are increasingly expected to adopt a multidisciplinary approach, especially due to the rising importance of environmentalism.
Indeed, many transit planners find themselves involved in discourse with urban-land-use issues such as transit-oriented development. Transit planners are responsible for developing routes and networks of routes for urban transit systems. These may follow one or more models depending on the character of the communities they serve.
The Ballston neighborhood of Arlington County, Virginia is a transit-oriented development zone, an example of the smart growth concept. Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl.
Mixed-use zoning has been implemented in Portland, Oregon, since the early 1990s, when the local government wanted to reduce the then-dominant car-oriented development style. The Metropolitan Area Express , Portland's light rail system, encourages the mixing of residential, commercial, and work spaces into one zone. [ 37 ]
The 15-minute city (FMC [2] or 15mC [3]) is an urban planning concept in which most daily necessities and services, such as work, shopping, education, healthcare, and leisure can be easily reached by a 15-minute walk, bike ride, or public transit ride from any point in the city. [4]
Robert Cervero is an author, consultant, and educator in sustainable transportation policy and planning. During his years as a faculty member in city and regional planning at the University of California, Berkeley, he gained recognition for his work in the sphere of urban transportation and land-use planning. [1]
In similar lines, Wiktorowicz and Deber describe through their study on ‘Regulating biotechnology: a rational-political model of policy development’ the rational approach to policy development. The main steps involved in making a rational decision for these authors are the following: The comprehensive organization and analysis of the ...