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c. 16th century BCE – Mesopotamian cosmology has a flat, circular Earth enclosed in a cosmic ocean. [1]c. 15th–11th century BCE – The Rigveda of Hinduism has some cosmological hymns, particularly in the late book 10, notably the Nasadiya Sukta which describes the origin of the universe, originating from the monistic Hiranyagarbha or "Golden Egg".
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [1] The notion of an expanding universe was first scientifically originated by physicist Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with the mathematical derivation of the Friedmann equations.
As a result, a variety of logical arguments for the universe having a finite past were developed by John Philoponus, Al-Kindi, Saadia Gaon, Al-Ghazali and Immanuel Kant, among others. [3] English theologian Robert Grosseteste explored the nature of matter and the cosmos in his 1225 treatise De Luce (On Light). He described the birth of the ...
Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. [1]
At the end of this epoch, the spherical volume of space which will become the observable universe is about 300 light-years in radius, baryonic matter density is on the order of 4 grams per m 3 (about 0.3% of sea level air density)—however, most energy at this time is in electromagnetic radiation. Photon epoch: 10 s ~ 370 ka: 10 9 K ~ 4000 K
Diagram of Evolution of the universe from the Big Bang (left) to the present. The timeline of the universe begins with the Big Bang, 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago, [1] and follows the formation and subsequent evolution of the Universe up to the present day. Each era or age of the universe begins with an "epoch", a time of significant change ...
Then, a period of reionization, cleared away this foggy existence an introduced light into the universe. Now, an international team of scientists at the helm of the James Webb Space Telescope have ...
1919 – Arthur Eddington:Light bending confirmed – evidence for general relativity; 1919–1926 – Kaluza–Klein theory proposing unification of gravity and electromagnetism; 1922 – Alexander Friedmann proposes expanding universe; 1922–37 – Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric cosmological model; 1923 – Stern–Gerlach ...