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This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and a versatile precursor to many derivatives. It reacts with amines to afford N-substituted benzamides after hydrolysis. [3] It is a precursor to diphenylmethanimine via reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide followed by methanolysis.
Substance Formula 0 °C 10 °C 20 °C 30 °C 40 °C 50 °C 60 °C 70 °C 80 °C 90 °C 100 °C Barium acetate: Ba(C 2 H 3 O 2) 2: 58.8: 62: 72: 75: 78.5: 77: 75
Density (g cm-3) Boiling point (°C) K b (°C⋅kg/mol) Freezing point (°C) K f (°C⋅kg/mol) Data source; Aniline: 184.3 3.69 –5.96 –5.87 K b & K f [1] Lauric acid: 298.9 44 –3.9 Acetic acid: 1.04 117.9 3.14 16.6 –3.90 K b [1] K f [2] Acetone: 0.78 56.2 1.67 –94.8 K b [3] Benzene: 0.87 80.1 2.65 5.5 –5.12 K b & K f [2 ...
In instructional laboratories, [5] acetophenone is converted to styrene in a two-step process that illustrates the reduction of carbonyls using sodium borohydride and the dehydration of alcohols: 4 C 6 H 5 C(O)CH 3 + NaBH 4 + 4 H 2 O → 4 C 6 H 5 CH(OH)CH 3 + NaOH + B(OH) 3 C 6 H 5 CH(OH)CH 3 → C 6 H 5 CH=CH 2 + H 2 O
Alkylbenzenes are derivatives of benzene, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups. The simplest member, toluene (or methylbenzene), has the hydrogen atom of the benzene ring replaced by a methyl group. The chemical formula of alkylbenzenes is C n H 2n-6. [2] Safety hazards of toluene.
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The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. [1] [2] In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step.