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Ceiling function. In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor (x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the smallest integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil (x). [ 1]
For any integer n, n ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if 3n + 1 / 2 ≡ 2 (mod 3). Equivalently, 2 n − 1 / 3 ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if n ≡ 2 (mod 3) . Conjecturally, this inverse relation forms a tree except for a 1–2 loop (the inverse of the 1–2 loop of the function f(n) revised as indicated above).
These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
In mathematics, a ( real) interval is the set of all real numbers lying between two fixed endpoints with no "gaps". Each endpoint is either a real number or positive or negative infinity, indicating the interval extends without a bound. An interval can contain neither endpoint, either endpoint, or both endpoints.
In mathematics, an integer-valued function is a function whose values are integers. In other words, it is a function that assigns an integer to each member of its domain . The floor and ceiling functions are examples of integer-valued functions of a real variable, but on real numbers and, generally, on (non-disconnected) topological spaces ...
a.e. – almost everywhere. AFSOC - Assume for the sake of contradiction. Ai – Airy function. AL – Action limit. Alt – alternating group (Alt ( n) is also written as A n.) A.M. – arithmetic mean. AP – arithmetic progression. arccos – inverse cosine function. arccosec – inverse cosecant function.
In abstract algebra and analysis, the Archimedean property, named after the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse, is a property held by some algebraic structures, such as ordered or normed groups, and fields. The property, as typically construed, states that given two positive numbers and , there is an integer such that .
Calculus, mathematical analysis, statistics, physics. In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by Γ, the capital letter gamma from the Greek alphabet) is one commonly used extension of the factorial function to complex numbers. The gamma function is defined for all complex numbers except the non-positive integers.