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The Summary for policymakers ( SPM ) [1] is a summary of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports intended to aid policymakers. The form is approved line by line by governments: "Negotiations occur over wording to ensure accuracy, balance, clarity of message, and relevance to understanding and policy." [2]
v. t. e. Scanning probe microscopy ( SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. SPM was founded in 1981, with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. The first successful scanning tunneling microscope experiment ...
The Sixth Assessment Report ( AR6) of the United Nations (UN) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the sixth in a series of reports which assess the available scientific information on climate change. Three Working Groups (WGI, II, and III) covered the following topics: The Physical Science Basis (WGI); Impacts, Adaptation and ...
The Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM), or the Malaysian Certificate of Education, is a national examination sat for by all fifth-form secondary school students in Malaysia.It is the equivalent of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) of England, Wales and Northern Ireland; the Nationals 4/5 of Scotland; and the GCE Ordinary Level (O Level) of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Raven's Progressive Matrices(often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPMis a non-verbal test typically used to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence.[1] It is one of the most common tests administered to both groups and individuals ranging from 5-year ...
Waterfall model. The waterfall model is a breakdown of development activities into linear sequential phases, meaning they are passed down onto each other, where each phase depends on the deliverables of the previous one and corresponds to a specialization of tasks. [ 1] The approach is typical for certain areas of engineering design.
Each IPCC Assessment Report (AR) consists of four volumes: the reports of the three Working Groups (WG1, WG2, and WG3), and a Synthesis Report (SYR). Each volume has a Summary for Policymakers (SPM), and various other chapters and annexes. To cite these sources the recommended "in-line citation" is a short-cite (given below) that links to the ...
The sum of perpetuities method (SPM) [1] is a way of valuing a business assuming that investors discount the future earnings of a firm regardless of whether earnings are paid as dividends or retained. SPM is an alternative to the Gordon growth model (GGM) [2] and can be applied to business or stock valuation if the business is assumed to have ...