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  2. Longitudinal study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_study

    Longitudinal study. A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment.

  3. List of datasets for machine-learning research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_datasets_for...

    These datasets are used in machine learning (ML) research and have been cited in peer-reviewed academic journals. Datasets are an integral part of the field of machine learning. Major advances in this field can result from advances in learning algorithms (such as deep learning), computer hardware, and, less-intuitively, the availability of high ...

  4. Prosody (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)

    e. In linguistics, prosody (/ ˈprɒsədi, ˈprɒz -/) [ 1 ][ 2 ] is the study of elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but which are properties of syllables and larger units of speech, including linguistic functions such as intonation, stress, and rhythm. Such elements are known as suprasegmentals.

  5. Causal reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning

    Causal reasoning. Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect. The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology; assumptions about the nature of causality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one.

  6. Grammatical conjugation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation

    v. t. e. In linguistics, conjugation (/ ˌkɒndʒʊˈɡeɪʃən / [1][2]) is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (alteration of form according to rules of grammar). For instance, the verb break can be conjugated to form the words break, breaks, broke, broken and breaking. While English has a relatively ...

  7. Questionnaire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionnaire

    A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions (or other types of prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from respondents through survey or statistical study. A research questionnaire is typically a mix of close-ended questions and open-ended questions. Open-ended, long-term questions offer the ...

  8. Matching (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_(statistics)

    Matching (statistics) Matching is a statistical technique that evaluates the effect of a treatment by comparing the treated and the non-treated units in an observational study or quasi-experiment (i.e. when the treatment is not randomly assigned). The goal of matching is to reduce bias for the estimated treatment effect in an observational-data ...

  9. Dialect continuum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum

    t. e. A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be. [ 1 ] This is a typical occurrence with widely spread languages and language ...