Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS), a hormone, will be secreted by the liver which stimulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake when responding to insulin. [39] This action makes up around 56% of total insulin action. [39] Hemorrhage was shown to cause insulin resistance by this type of HISS-dependent insulin resistance (HDIR). [40]
Somatostatin is secreted by delta cells at several locations in the digestive system, namely the pyloric antrum, the duodenum and the pancreatic islets. [14]Somatostatin released in the pyloric antrum travels via the portal venous system to the heart, then enters the systemic circulation to reach the locations where it will exert its inhibitory effects.
Insulin resistance, or low insulin sensitivity, happens when cells throughout the body don’t respond properly to the hormone insulin, especially cells in muscles, fat and the liver.
Cyclosomatostatin is one such compound. Contrary to previously discussed compounds, cyclosomatostatin does not contain a radionuclide. It is a non-selective somatostatin receptor antagonist, [36] inhibiting the effects of somatostatin on target cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, hypothalamus, and central nervous system (CNS). [2]
[2] [9] The beta cells can still secrete insulin but the body has developed a resistance and its response to insulin has declined. [4] It is believed to be due to the decline of specific receptors on the surface of the liver , adipose , and muscle cells which lose their ability to respond to insulin that circulates in the blood.
Increased levels of somatostatin inhibit pancreatic hormones and gastrointestinal hormones. Thus, somatostatinomas are associated with mild diabetes mellitus (due to inhibition of insulin release), steatorrhoea and gallstones (due to inhibition of cholecystokinin release), and achlorhydria (due to inhibition of gastrin release).
The biological effects of somatostatin are probably mediated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. SSTR3 is a member of the superfamily of receptors having seven transmembrane segments and is expressed in highest levels in brain and pancreatic islets.
The somatostatin hormone itself can negatively affect the uptake of hormones in the body and may play a role in some hormonal conditions. Somatostatin 2 receptors have been found in concentration on the surface of tumor cells, particularly those associated with the neuroendocrine system where the overexpression of somatostatin can lead to many complications [22] [23] Due to this, these ...