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The +M effect, also known as the positive mesomeric effect, occurs when the substituent is an electron donating group. The group must have one of two things: a lone pair of electrons, or a negative charge. In the +M effect, the pi electrons are transferred from the group towards the conjugate system, increasing the density of the system.
However, another effect that plays a role is the +M effect which adds electron density back into the benzene ring (thus having the opposite effect of the -I effect but by a different mechanism). This is called the mesomeric effect (hence +M) and the result for fluorine is that the +M effect approximately cancels out the -I effect. The effect of ...
The effect of the substituent may change the rate-determining step (rds) in the mechanism of the reaction. A certain electronic effect may accelerate a certain step so that it is no longer the rds. [14] [non-primary source needed] [non-primary source needed] change in rate determining step. A change in the mechanism of a reaction also results ...
Contributing structures of the carbonate ion. In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, [1] also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.
Phenol (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C 6 H 5 OH. [5] It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C 6 H 5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH). Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause ...
It is often said the resonance stability of phenol makes it a stronger acid than that of aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol (pK a = 10 vs. 16–18). However, a significant contribution is the greater electronegativity of the sp 2 alpha carbon in phenol compared to the sp 3 alpha carbon in aliphatic alcohols. [7]
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Other structural factors that influence the magnitude of the acid dissociation constant include inductive effects, mesomeric effects, and hydrogen bonding. Hammett type equations have frequently been applied to the estimation of pK a. [3] [4] The quantitative behaviour of acids and bases in solution can be understood only if their pK a values ...