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Resistance genes (R-Genes) are genes in plant genomes that convey plant disease resistance against pathogens by producing R proteins. The main class of R-genes consist of a nucleotide binding domain (NB) and a leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain(s) and are often referred to as (NB-LRR) R-genes or NLRs. [ 1 ]
Differences in plant disease resistance are often incremental or quantitative rather than qualitative. The term quantitative resistance (QR) refers to plant disease resistance that is controlled by multiple genes and multiple molecular mechanisms that each have small or minor effects on the overall resistance trait. [42]
The genes that are involved in the plant-pathogen interactions tend to evolve at a very rapid rate. [5] Mechanism of plant NLR protein activation after pathogen invasion. Very often, the resistance mediated by R genes is due to them inducing HR, which leads to apoptosis. Most plant R genes encode NOD-like receptor (NLR) proteins. [6]
One is a plant gene called the resistance gene. The other is a parasite gene called the avirulence (Avr) gene. Plants producing a specific R gene product are resistant towards a pathogen that produces the corresponding Avr gene product. [5] Gene-for-gene relationships are a widespread and very important aspect of plant disease resistance.
It can arise from genetic or environmental factors, such as incomplete penetrance. [2] Disease tolerance is different as it is the ability of a host to limit the impact of disease on host health. In crops this includes plant disease resistance and can follow a gene-for-gene relationship.
Over the past decade, the study of induced system resistance has become a very active field of research. [12] Methods to artificially activate the ISR pathway is an active area of research. [13] The research and application of inducing plant system resistance have been encouraging but are not yet a major factor in controlling plant pathogens.
Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.
For each resistance gene in the host, there is a corresponding, or matching, gene in the parasite. When the genes of the parasite match those of the host, the resistance does not operate. There are two kinds of resistance to parasites in plants: Vertical resistance [4] involves a gene-for-gene relationship. This kind of resistance is ...