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  2. James while John had had had had had had had had had had had ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_while_John_had_had...

    The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle [7] [8] [9] or an item on a test, [1] [2] for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence ("John where Jack had...") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage.

  3. Cohesion (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(linguistics)

    Some examples: replacing "the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or "two girls" with "they". Another example can be found in formulaic sequences such as "as stated previously" or "the aforementioned". Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. Something is introduced in the ...

  4. Crossover effects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_effects

    In the following examples, this effect is shown; the a) examples do not reveal crossover effects but the b) examples do. The crucial element that divides these essentially minimal pairs is the status of the pronoun, which is in the bracketed constituents below: a.

  5. Grammatical particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle

    In Māori for example, the versatile particle e can signal the imperative mood, the vocative case, the future tense, or the subject of a sentence formed with most passive verbs. The particle i signals the past imperfect tense, the object of a transitive verb or the subject of a sentence formed with "neuter verbs" (a form of passive verb), as ...

  6. Head (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(linguistics)

    For example, the head of the noun phrase boiling hot water is the noun (head noun) water. Analogously, the head of a compound is the stem that determines the semantic category of that compound. For example, the head of the compound noun handbag is bag, since a handbag is a bag, not a hand.

  7. Expletive (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expletive_(linguistics)

    Not all profanities are grammatical expletives (and vice versa). For example, in the sentence, "The bloody thing is shit, hey": "Bloody", as an attributive adjective, is an optional constituent of the sentence (thus not an expletive in the syntactical sense) and is a profanity. "Shit" is necessary to the sentence, and it is a profanity.

  8. Epizeuxis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epizeuxis

    In rhetoric, epizeuxis, also known as palilogia, is the repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession, typically within the same sentence, for vehemence or emphasis. [1] [2] A closely related rhetorical device is diacope, which involves word repetition that is broken up by a single intervening word, or a small number of intervening ...

  9. Poetic contraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_contraction

    Poetic contractions are contractions of words found in poetry but not commonly used in everyday modern English. Also known as elision or syncope, these contractions are usually used to lower the number of syllables in a particular word in order to adhere to the meter of a composition. [1]