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Esfenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide marketed under the brand Asana. [2] It is the (S)-enantiomer of fenvalerate. [3] In the United States, a limit of .05 ppm of the chemical's residue is permissible in food. [4]
Alternatively, the bee may come into contact with an insecticide and transport it back to the colony in contaminated pollen or nectar or on its body, potentially causing widespread colony death. [3] Actual damage to bee populations is a function of toxicity and exposure of the compound, in combination with the mode of application.
Toxicity labels [1] viz; red label, yellow label, blue label and green label are mandatory labels employed on pesticide containers in India identifying the level of toxicity (that is, the toxicity class) of the contained pesticide. [1] [2] [3] The schemes follows from the Insecticides Act of 1968 [1] and the Insecticides Rules of 1971.
The 2024 IRAC poster of insecticide modes of action includes the majority of chemicals listed below. [5] The pesticide manual provides much information on pesticides. [6] [7] Many of the insecticides in the list are not in use.
Etofenprox is a broad-spectrum insecticide which disturbs insect nervous systems following direct contact or ingestion, and which is active against a broad spectrum of pests. It is used in agriculture, horticulture, viticulture, forestry, animal health and public health against many insect pests, for instance Lepidoptera , Hemiptera ...
As of 2016, chlorpyrifos was the most used conventional insecticide in the US and was used in over 40 states; the top five states (in total pounds applied) are California, North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Texas. It was used on over 50 crops, with the top five crops (in total pounds applied) being soybeans, corn, alfalfa, oranges, and almonds.
Pyriproxyfen is a pesticide which is found to be effective against a variety of insects. [3] It was introduced to the US in 1996, to protect cotton crops against whitefly.It has also been found useful for protecting other crops. [4]
Carbofuran is a carbamate insecticide, banned in the US, the EU and Canada but still widely used in South America, Australia and Asia. [6] It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from there the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained.