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transcription – the process of making RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase; transcription factor – a substance, such as a protein, that contributes to the cause of a specific biochemical reaction or bodily process; promoter – a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene
The reactants, products, and intermediates of an enzymatic reaction are known as metabolites, which are modified by a sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes. [1]: 26 In most cases of a metabolic pathway, the product of one enzyme acts as the substrate for the next. However, side products are considered waste and removed from the cell.
The process of bind an amino acid to a tRNA is known as tRNA charging. Here, the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase catalyzes two reactions. In the first one, it attaches an AMP molecule (cleaved from ATP) to the amino acid. The second reaction cleaves the aminoacyl-AMP producing the energy to join the amino acid to the tRNA molecule. [14]
These reactions occur post-translation and are reversible. [3] The mechanism for acetylation and deacetylation takes place on the NH 3 + groups of lysine amino acid residues. These residues are located on the tails of histones that make up the nucleosome of packaged dsDNA. The process is aided by factors known as histone acetyltransferases (HATs).
Their analysis showed that this reversible reaction could be applied to other tissues. [11] This assertion was validated by Rudolf Schoenheimer's work with radioisotopes as tracers in 1937. [12] [13] This in turn would pave the way for the possibility that similar transfers were a primary means of producing most amino acids via amino transfer. [14]
Transamination is a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids.This pathway is responsible for the deamination of most amino acids. This is one of the major degradation pathways which convert essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids (amino acids that can be synthesized de novo by the organism).
The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into causal chains to form pathways [115] The Reactome data model allows us to represent many diverse processes in the human system, including the pathways of intermediary metabolism, regulatory pathways, and signal transduction, and high-level processes, such as ...
Adenylylation, [1] [2] more commonly known as AMPylation, is a process in which an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) molecule is covalently attached to the amino acid side chain of a protein. [3] This covalent addition of AMP to a hydroxyl side chain of the protein is a post-translational modification . [ 4 ]