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These equations are formulated in the equation of state of seawater, also called the equation of seawater. This equation relates the thermodynamic properties of the ocean (density, temperature, salinity and pressure). These equations are based on empirical thermodynamic properties.
Salinity (/ s ə ˈ l ɪ n ɪ t i /) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensionless and equal to ‰ ).
The maximum salinity can reach extremely high values and the residence time can be several months. In these systems, the salinity maximum zone acts like a plug, inhibiting the mixing of estuarine and oceanic waters so that freshwater does not reach the ocean. The high salinity water sinks seaward and exits the estuary. [12] [13]
Seawater has a salinity of roughly 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water. The saturation level is only nominally dependent on the temperature of the water. [1] At 20 °C (68 °F) one liter of water can dissolve about 357 grams of salt, a concentration of 26.3 percent by weight (% w/w). At 100 °C (212 ...
Tumlirz-Tammann-Tait equation of state based on fits to experimental data on pure water. A related equation of state that can be used to model liquids is the Tumlirz equation (sometimes called the Tammann equation and originally proposed by Tumlirz in 1909 and Tammann in 1911 for pure water). [4] [10] This relation has the form
Water is the medium of the oceans, the medium which carries all the substances and elements involved in the marine biogeochemical cycles. Water as found in nature almost always includes dissolved substances, so water has been described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve so many substances.
Because the amount of water vapor in the air is small, relative humidity, the ratio of the partial pressure due to the water vapor to the saturated partial vapor pressure, is much more useful. Vapor pressure above 100% relative humidity is called supersaturated and can occur if the air is rapidly cooled, for example, by rising suddenly in an ...
2 dissolves, it reacts with water to form a balance of ionic and non-ionic chemical species: dissolved free carbon dioxide (CO 2(aq)), carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), bicarbonate (HCO − 3) and carbonate (CO 2− 3). The ratio of these species depends on factors such as seawater temperature, pressure and salinity (as shown in a Bjerrum plot).