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  2. Stephen Toulmin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin

    For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be "I am a British citizen" (1). Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data) A fact one appeals to as a foundation for the claim. For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data "I was born in Bermuda" (2). Warrant

  3. Appeal to the stone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_the_stone

    Toulmin argumentation framework example. As demonstrated in Toulmin’s argumentation framework, the grounds of an assumption require warrant and backing to legitimize the claim and prove the soundness of the conclusion. The framework involves a claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing. The initial claim of an argument is the ...

  4. Argument map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_map

    A sample argument using objections. Some argument mapping conventions allow for perspicuous representation of inferences. [12] In the following diagram, box 2.1 represents an inference, labeled with the inference rule modus ponens. [12] An argument map with 'modus ponens' in the inference box. An inference can be the target of an objection.

  5. Toulmin model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/?title=Toulmin_model&redirect=no

    Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects Appearance. move to sidebar hide. ... Redirect page. Redirect to: Stephen Toulmin#The Toulmin Model of Argument;

  6. Argumentation scheme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_scheme

    As in this example, argumentation schemes typically recognize a variety of semantic (or substantive) relations that inference rules in classical logic ignore. [2]: 19 More than one argumentation scheme may apply to the same argument; in this example, the more complex abductive argumentation scheme may also apply.

  7. Argumentation theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory

    For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be "I am a British citizen" (1). Ground (Fact, Evidence, Data) A fact one appeals to as a foundation for the claim. For example, the person introduced in 1 can support his claim with the supporting data "I was born in Bermuda" (2). Warrant

  8. Hypothetico-deductive model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model

    The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of the scientific method. According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that can be falsifiable, using a test on observable data where the outcome is not yet known. A test outcome that could have and does run contrary to predictions of the ...

  9. Araucaria (software) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_(software)

    The diagram will always take the form of a tree structure in Araucaria. The user has the choice of translating the argument into standard diagram, Toulmin diagram or Wigmore diagram, Araucaria 3.1 being the first software to integrate the latter ontology and to address the translation issues between the different diagrams. [2]