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A complicating matter regarding bolt thrust is that a cartridge case expands and deforms under high pressure and starts to "stick" to the chamber. This "friction-effect" can be accounted for with finite elements calculations on a computer, but it is a lot of specialized work and generally not worth the trouble.
In the case when the probability of loss is assumed to be a single number , and is the loss from the event occurring, the familiar form of the Hand formula is recovered. More generally, for continuous outcomes the Hand formula takes form: ∫ Ω L f ( L ) d L > B {\displaystyle \int _{\Omega }Lf(L)dL>B} where Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } is the ...
Example: Consider a data value of €1,000,000, with an attack probability of 15% and an 80% chance of a successful breach. The potential loss is €1,000,000 × 0.15 × 0.8 = €120,000. Based on the Gordon-Loeb model, the company’s security investment should not exceed €120,000 × 0.37 = €44,000.
In mathematics, an event that occurs with high probability (often shortened to w.h.p. or WHP) is one whose probability depends on a certain number n and goes to 1 as n goes to infinity, i.e. the probability of the event occurring can be made as close to 1 as desired by making n big enough.
The probability distribution according to Metropolis-Hastings Dynamics for the change in energy that would result from flipping some spin s for different temperatures, T. () =. Although both of the acceptance probabilities approximate a step curve and they are almost indistinguishable at very low temperatures, they differ when temperature gets ...
As one of the graph's axes is probability, it is fairly easy to find the data points that match a specific probability. In aerospace structural analysis, it is common to consider 99.9999% probability (0.0001% risk) to be improbable and 99.99999% probability (0.00001% risk) to be extremely improbable. Then, the confidence interval is used to ...
The salvo combat model calculates the number of ships lost on each side using the following pair of equations. Here, ΔA represents the change in the number of Red's ships from one salvo, while ΔB represents the change in the number of Blue ships. ΔA = -(βB - yA)u, subject to 0 ≤ -ΔA ≤ A ΔB = -(αA - zB)v, subject to 0 ≤ -ΔB ≤ B
Suppose that two super states of interest, A and B, are given. We assume that they have a common configuration space, i.e., they share all of their micro states, but the energies associated to these (and hence the probabilities) differ because of a change in some parameter (such as the strength of a certain interaction).