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Older structures may use asbestos, copper, iron, lead or clay pipes, in rough order of era of use. Under many older building codes, a vent stack (a pipe leading to the main roof vent) is required to be within approx. a 5-foot (1.5 m) radius of the draining fixture it serves (sink, toilet, shower stall, etc.). [2]
Cast iron pipe was superseded by ductile iron pipe, which is a direct development, with most existing manufacturing plants transitioning to the new material during the 1970s and 1980s. Ductile iron pipe is different than cast iron, because the introduction of magnesium during the casting process causes the graphite to form spheres (graphite ...
Wrap the pipe with a hot towel: Soak it in hot water and wrap it around the frozen section. Apply a salt solution : Mix salt with warm water and apply it to the frozen area. Salt lowers the ...
Cast iron DWV pipe and fittings are still used in premium construction because they muffle the sound of wastewater rushing through them, [21]: 149 but today they are rarely joined with traditional lead joints. [21]: 149 Instead, pipe and fittings with plain (non-belled) connections are butted against each other, and clamped with special rubber ...
The pipe segments may be made of cast iron, with 12 feet (3.7 m) to 20 feet (6.1 m) sections, but are more often made of vitrified clay pipe (VCP), a ceramic material, in 3 feet (0.91 m), 4 feet (1.2 m) & 6 feet (1.8 m) sections. Each iron or clay segment will have an enlargement (a "bell") on one end to receive the end of the adjacent segment.
During the cooling season, the stack effect is reversed, but is typically weaker due to lower temperature differences. [1] In a modern high-rise building with a well-sealed envelope, the stack effect can create significant pressure differences that must be given design consideration and may need to be addressed with mechanical ventilation ...
Enamel over cast iron is a popular material for kitchen and bathroom sinks. Heavy and durable, these sinks can also be manufactured in a very wide range of shapes and colors. Like stainless steel, they are very resistant to hot or cold objects, but they can be damaged by sharp impacts and once the glass surface is breached, the underlying cast ...
In plumbing, a trap is a U-shaped portion of pipe designed to trap liquid or gas to prevent unwanted flow; most notably sewer gases from entering buildings while allowing waste materials to pass through. In oil refineries, traps are used to prevent hydrocarbons and other dangerous gases and chemical fumes from escaping through drains.