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Clauses 1, 15 and 26 of the Bill were adopted by the Lok Sabha on 22 August with formal amendments to replace the word "Forty-fifth" with the word "Forty-fourth". Clauses 2 to 14, 16 to 20, 23 to 25, 27 to 40 and 42 to 49 were adopted in their original form. Clause 21, 22, and 41 of the bill were adopted by the House with amendments.
The Indian Constitution is the most amended national constitution in the world. [3] The Constitution spells out governmental powers with so much detail that many matters addressed by statute in other democracies must be addressed via constitutional amendment in India. As a result, the Constitution is amended roughly twice a year.
In India, President's rule is ... The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of Parliament to extend the President's ...
The Preamble of the Constitution of India – India declaring itself as a country. The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the states to its citizens and the duties and the rights of the citizens to the State. These sections are considered vital elements of the ...
Such an emergency was declared in India in the 1962 Sino- Indian War, [3] 1971 Indo- Pakistani War, [4] and 1975 internal disturbance (declared by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed). [5] But after the 44th amendment act 1978, National Emergency can only be declared on grounds of "External aggression or war", also called as External Emergency & on the ground ...
The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. The 43rd and 44th Amendments reversed these changes. [18] Article 74 was amended and it was explicitly stipulated that "the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Council of ...
In India property rights (Article 31) was one of the fundamental rights of citizens until 1978, and it became a legal right through the 44th Amendment to the Constitution in 1978. [19] The amendment was introduced by the Morarji Desai government as part of land reform policies. [19]
Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document. [62] The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies.