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Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 33. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521807968. Keppie, Lawrence (1998). The making of the Roman Army: from Republic to Empire. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3014-9. Mackay, Christopher S. (2004).
This provided Augustus with another connection between himself and the old Republic, an era of Roman history he continuously tried to invoke during his reign. The statues of the famous men of the Republic for which an inscription has survived are: [11] Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis, consul in 496 BC, won the Battle of Lake Regillus.
Augustus's public revenue reforms had a great impact on the subsequent success of the Empire. Augustus brought a far greater portion of the Empire's expanded land base under consistent, direct taxation from Rome, instead of exacting varying, intermittent, and somewhat arbitrary tributes from each local province as Augustus's predecessors had done.
The phrases renovatio Romanorum ("renewal of the Romans") and renovatio urbis Romae ("renewal of the city of Rome") had been used already during Antiquity. [3] The word renovatio ("renewal") and its relatives, restitutio ("restitution") and reparatio ("restoration"), appeared on some Roman coins from the reign of Hadrian onward, usually signifying the restoration of peace after a rebellion. [4]
The wars of Augustus are the military campaigns undertaken by the Roman government during the sole rule of the founder-emperor Augustus (30 BC – AD 14). This was a period of 45 years when almost every year saw major campaigning, in some cases on a scale comparable to the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), when Roman manpower resources were ...
By the middle Republic each vicus had a local official known as a vicomagister. [3] By the time of Augustus, local shrines in the vici had become neglected [3] and from around 12 BC he began restoring individual vicus shrines before comprehensive reform in 7 BC, including codifying the rights and duties of the vicomagistri. [3]
Livy wrote after the late republic, during the Augustan period. [83] However, his treatment of the late Republic does not survive except in an epitome called the Periochae . While it is generally accepted that "Livy applies late republican political language to events from earlier periods", the terms optimates and populares (and derivatives ...
These themes have been explored in his monography on Declaring War in the Roman Republic (Brussels, 1976), his edition with translation and commentary of Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement (Roman History 53–55.9) (Warminster, 1990), and numerous articles and book chapters. He retired from Nottingham in 2008 and currently lives near Bristol.