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International Components for Unicode (ICU) is an open-source project of mature C/C++ and Java libraries for Unicode support, software internationalization, and software globalization. ICU is widely portable to many operating systems and environments. It gives applications the same results on all platforms and between C, C++, and Java software.
Converts Unicode character codes, always given in hexadecimal, to their UTF-8 or UTF-16 representation in upper-case hex or decimal. Can also reverse this for UTF-8. The UTF-16 form will accept and pass through unpaired surrogates e.g. {{#invoke:Unicode convert|getUTF8|D835}} → D835.
In 1973, ECMA-35 and ISO 2022 [18] attempted to define a method so an 8-bit "extended ASCII" code could be converted to a corresponding 7-bit code, and vice versa. [19] In a 7-bit environment, the Shift Out would change the meaning of the 96 bytes 0x20 through 0x7F [a] [21] (i.e. all but the C0 control codes), to be the characters that an 8-bit environment would print if it used the same code ...
Many Unicode characters are used to control the interpretation or display of text, but these characters themselves have no visual or spatial representation. For example, the null character (U+0000 NULL) is used in C-programming application environments to indicate the end of a string of characters.
In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, iconv (an abbreviation of internationalization conversion) [2] is a command-line program [3] and a standardized application programming interface (API) [4] used to convert between different character encodings. "It can convert from any of these encodings to any other, through Unicode conversion." [5]
Current Windows versions and all back to Windows XP and prior Windows NT (3.x, 4.0) are shipped with system libraries that support string encoding of two types: 16-bit "Unicode" (UTF-16 since Windows 2000) and a (sometimes multibyte) encoding called the "code page" (or incorrectly referred to as ANSI code page). 16-bit functions have names suffixed with 'W' (from "wide") such as SetWindowTextW.
A "character" may use any number of Unicode code points. [20] For instance an emoji flag character takes 8 bytes, since it is "constructed from a pair of Unicode scalar values" [21] (and those values are outside the BMP and require 4 bytes each). UTF-16 in no way assists in "counting characters" or in "measuring the width of a string".
The first number is the hexadecimal Unicode code point, with range 0000 through FFFF. Hexadecimal 0041 is decimal 65, the code point for the letter 'A'. The colon separates the code point from the bitmap. In this example, the glyph is 8 pixels wide, so the bit string is 32 hexadecimal digits long.