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  2. USDA soil taxonomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy

    Histosol – organic soils, formerly called bog soils, are 1% of soils worldwide. Inceptisol – young soils. They have subsurface horizon formation but show little eluviation and illuviation. They constitute 15% of soils worldwide. Mollisol – soft, deep, dark soil formed in grasslands and some hardwood forests with very thick A horizons ...

  3. Potassium permanganate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate

    A weak acid such as carbonic acid is sufficient for this reaction: 3 K 2 MnO 4 + 2 CO 2 2 KMnO 4 + 2 K 2 CO 3 + MnO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {3 K2MnO4 + 2 CO2 -> 2 KMnO4 + 2 K2CO3 + MnO2}}} Permanganate salts may also be generated by treating a solution of Mn 2+ ions with strong oxidants such as lead dioxide (PbO 2 ), sodium bismuthate (NaBiO 3 ...

  4. Soil matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_matrix

    The type of clay that is formed is a function of the parent material and the composition of the minerals in solution. [13] Clay minerals continue to be formed as long as the soil exists. [14] Mica-based clays result from a modification of the primary mica mineral in such a way that it behaves and is classed as a clay. [15]

  5. Soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

    Soil texture is determined by the relative proportion of the three kinds of soil mineral particles, called soil separates: sand, silt, and clay. At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when iron oxides , carbonates , clay, silica and humus , coat particles and ...

  6. Soil acidification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_acidification

    Basic cations like calcium are leached from the soil as acidic rainfall flows, which allows aluminum and proton levels to increase. [3] [4] Nitric and sulfuric acids in acid rain and snow can have different effects on the acidification of forest soils, particularly seasonally in regions where a snow pack may accumulate during the winter. [5]

  7. Permanganate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanganate

    A permanganate can oxidize an amine to a nitro compound, [7] [8] an alcohol to a ketone, [9] an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid, [10] [11] a terminal alkene to a carboxylic acid, [12] oxalic acid to carbon dioxide, [13] and an alkene to a diol. [14] This list is not exhaustive. In alkene oxidations one intermediate is a cyclic Mn(V) species: [15]

  8. Physical properties of soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_properties_of_soil

    Soil bulk density, when determined at standardized moisture conditions, is an estimate of soil compaction. [3] Soil porosity consists of the void part of the soil volume and is occupied by gases or water. Soil consistency is the ability of soil materials to stick together. Soil temperature and colour are self-defining.

  9. Soil pH - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pH

    Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit, where in a small sample of soil is mixed with indicator solution which changes colour according to the acidity. Use of litmus paper. A small sample of soil is mixed with distilled water, into which a strip of litmus paper is inserted. If the soil is acidic the paper turns red, if basic, blue.

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