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FOB is only used in non-containerized sea freight or inland waterway transport. As with all Incoterms, FOB does not define the point at which ownership of the goods is transferred. The term FOB is also used in modern domestic shipping within North America to describe the point at which a seller is no longer responsible for shipping costs.
CIF requires the seller to insure the goods for 110% of the contract value under Institute Cargo Clauses (A) of the Institute of London Underwriters (which is a change from Incoterms 2010 where the minimum was Institute Cargo Clauses (C)), or any similar set of clauses, unless specifically agreed by both parties.
it contains, or evidences, [d] the terms of the contract of carriage; and; it serves as a document of title to the goods, [6] subject to the nemo dat rule. Typical export transactions use Incoterms terms such as CIF, FOB or FAS, requiring the exporter/shipper to
In FOB contracts, the buyer is responsible to provide and maintain the custody transfer measurement systems on board the vessel for volume, temperature and pressure determination and the seller is responsible to provide and maintain the custody transfer measurement systems at the loading terminal such as the sampling and gas analysis.
If it is a destination contract (FOB (buyer's city)), then risk of loss is on the seller. If it is a delivery contract (standard, or FOB (seller's city)), then the risk of loss is on the buyer. In cases not covered by the foregoing rules, if the seller is a merchant, then the risk of loss shifts to the buyer upon buyer's "receipt" of the goods.
In this equation, Ke (COE) equals the anticipated return from the difference (Beta) of investment yields from a return based on market expectations (Rm) [9] and a Risk Free Rate (Rf), such as Treasury Bills or Bonds. KIBOR – Karachi Interbank Offered Rate; KPI – Key Performance Indicator, a type of performance measurement. An organization ...
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The CISG describes when the risk passes from the seller to the buyer [49] but it has been observed that in practice most contracts define the seller's delivery obligations quite precisely by adopting an established shipment term, [42] such as FOB and CIF.