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The non-orientable genus, demigenus, or Euler genus of a connected, non-orientable closed surface is a positive integer representing the number of cross-caps attached to a sphere. Alternatively, it can be defined for a closed surface in terms of the Euler characteristic χ, via the relationship χ = 2 − k , where k is the non-orientable genus.
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Euler is designed for higher level math such as calculus, optimization, and statistics. The software can handle real, complex and interval numbers, vectors and matrices, it can produce 2D/3D plots, and uses Maxima for symbolic operations. The software is compilable with Windows. The Unix and Linux versions do not contain a computer algebra ...
First edition. Graph Theory, 1736–1936 is a book in the history of mathematics on graph theory.It focuses on the foundational documents of the field, beginning with the 1736 paper of Leonhard Euler on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg and ending with the first textbook on the subject, published in 1936 by Dénes Kőnig.
An example of a set of equations written in conservation form are the Euler equations of fluid flow: + = + (+) = + ((+)) = Each of these represents the conservation of mass , momentum and energy , respectively.
The ring of Eisenstein integers forms a Euclidean domain whose norm N is given by the square modulus, as above: (+) = +.A division algorithm, applied to any dividend α and divisor β ≠ 0, gives a quotient κ and a remainder ρ smaller than the divisor, satisfying:
Euler invented the calculus of variations including its most well-known result, the Euler–Lagrange equation. Euler also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems. In doing so, he united two disparate branches of mathematics and introduced a new field of study, analytic number theory.
However, the semi-implicit Euler method is a symplectic integrator, unlike the standard method. As a consequence, the semi-implicit Euler method almost conserves the energy (when the Hamiltonian is time-independent). Often, the energy increases steadily when the standard Euler method is applied, making it far less accurate.