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Different studies have shown inter-observer reliability of approximately 60% (ranging from 42% to 92%), [7] [8] representing poor-to-moderate agreement of scale grading between health-care professionals. This is due to much of the criteria being at risk of observer errors, and is a known liability of this scaling system.
Mirels' score is a tool useful in the management of bone tumors, by identifying those patients who would benefit from prophylactic fixation if they have a high enough risk of pathological fracture. Scoring
The trabecular bone score is a measure of bone texture correlated with bone microarchitecture and a marker for the risk of osteoporosis. Introduced in 2008, [ 1 ] its main projected use is alongside measures of bone density in better predicting fracture risk in people with metabolic bone problems.
FRAX (fracture risk assessment tool) is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the 10-year probability of bone fracture risk. It was developed by the University of Sheffield. [1]
Decortication is a medical procedure involving the surgical removal of the surface layer, membrane, or fibrous cover of an organ.The procedure is usually performed when the lung is covered by a thick, inelastic pleural peel restricting lung expansion.
Abnormal posturing is an involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs, indicating severe brain injury.It occurs when one set of muscles becomes incapacitated while the opposing set is not, and an external stimulus such as pain causes the working set of muscles to contract. [1]
A typical five-point grading scale is as follows: Grade 1 is given when the ilium (bone) is calcified at a level of 25%; it corresponds to prepuberty or early puberty. Grade 2 is given when the ilium (bone) is calcified at a level of 50%; it corresponds to the stage before or during growth spurt.
For the ankle, the Kellgren–Lawrence scale, as described for the hip, has been recommended. [16] The distances between the bones in the ankle are normally as follows: [17] Talus - medial malleolus: 1.70 ± 0.13 mm; Talus - tibial plafond: 2.04 ± 0.29 mm; Talus - lateral malleolus: 2.13 ± 0.20 mm