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Abnormal posturing is an involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs, indicating severe brain injury.It occurs when one set of muscles becomes incapacitated while the opposing set is not, and an external stimulus such as pain causes the working set of muscles to contract. [1]
The original scoring system was developed before the invention of pulse oximetry and used the patient's colouration as a surrogate marker of their oxygenation status. A modified Aldrete scoring system was described in 1995 [2] which replaces the assessment of skin colouration with the use of pulse oximetry to measure SpO 2.
The trabecular bone score is a measure of bone texture correlated with bone microarchitecture and a marker for the risk of osteoporosis. Introduced in 2008, [ 1 ] its main projected use is alongside measures of bone density in better predicting fracture risk in people with metabolic bone problems.
Decortication is a medical procedure involving the surgical removal of the surface layer, membrane, or fibrous cover of an organ.The procedure is usually performed when the lung is covered by a thick, inelastic pleural peel restricting lung expansion.
Gait Abnormality Rating Scale (GARS) [1] is a videotape-based analysis of 16 facets of human gait. It has been evaluated as a screening tool to identify patients at risk for injury from falls. [2] and has been used in remote gait evaluation. [3] A modified version was published in 1996. [4]
The ICARS has been validated for use in patients with focal cerebellar lesions [1] and hereditary spinocerebellar and Friedrich's ataxia. [2] [3] More recently, two shorter ataxia scales based upon the ICARS have been created and validated, the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) [4] and the Brief Ataxia Rating Scale (BARS). [5]
The test is a self-reported check-tick box format with a predefined scale from "not at all" to "very much". The test asks 51 questions in all with a number being red herrings to test for people over-rating themselves.
FRAX integrates clinical risk factors and bone mineral density at the femoral neck to calculate the 10-year probability of hip fracture and the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture (clinical spine, forearm, hip or shoulder fracture). [2]