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In 1978, Suharto secured a parliamentary resolution (Tap MPR No. 2/1978) on the Pancasila Appreciation and Practicing Guide (Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila or P4) and later began a mandatory program to indoctrinate all Indonesians—from primary school students to office workers—for the application of the P4 and in living the ...
The National Principles (Malay: Rukun Negara; Jawi: روکون نݢارا ) is the Malaysian declaration of national philosophy instituted by royal proclamation on Merdeka Day, 1970, in reaction to the 13 May race riots, which occurred in 1969. [1]
On 26 March 1979, thru Presidential Decree No. 10/1979, the Agency for Development, Education, Implementation of Guidelines for the Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila (Badan Pembinaan Pendidikan Pelaksanaan Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila, BP-7) was founded by Suharto administration to futher develop Pancasila as national ideology.
An ideology is a set of beliefs or values attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely about belief in certain knowledge, [1] [2] in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones". [3]
Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun (Chinese: 枪杆子里面出政权) is a phrase which was coined by Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong.The phrase was originally used by Mao during an emergency meeting of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on 7 August 1927, at the beginning of the Chinese Civil War.
Melayu Islam Beraja (abbrev: MIB; Jawi: ملايو اسلام براج ; English: Malay Islamic Monarchy) was officially proclaimed as the national philosophy of Brunei on the day of its independence on 1 January 1984 by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.
The Open Society and Its Enemies is a work on political philosophy by the philosopher Karl Popper, in which the author presents a "defence of the open society against its enemies", [1] and offers a critique of theories of teleological historicism, according to which history unfolds inexorably according to universal laws.
Percentage of liberals (blue) and conservatives (red) in favor of major political proposals in the United States (Pew Research Center, 2021) American political ideologies conventionally align with the left–right political spectrum, with most Americans identifying as conservative, liberal, or moderate.