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Against the Galileans (Ancient Greek: Κατὰ Γαλιλαίων; Latin: Contra Galilaeos), meaning Christians, was a Greek polemical essay written by the Roman emperor Julian, commonly known as Julian the Apostate, during his short reign (361–363).
Julian the Apostate presiding at a conference of sectarians, by Edward Armitage, 1875. After gaining the purple, Julian started a religious reformation of the empire, which was intended to restore the lost strength of the Roman state. He supported the restoration of Hellenistic polytheism as the state religion.
Carefully planning and crafting his Persian campaign for over a year, Julian transferred his capital and forward base for the coming war to Antioch, Syria in the summer of 362 and on March 5, 363, set out with 65,000–83,000, [5] [6] or 80,000–90,000 men, [7] while Shapur, along with the main Persian army, spah, was away from Ctesiphon.
The military and political aims of the campaign are uncertain, and they are also disputed by both ancient and modern sources and historians. [9] According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Julian's aim was to enhance his fame as a general and to punish the Persians for their invasions of Rome's eastern provinces; for this reason, he refused Shapur's immediate offer of negotiations.
Julian vented his spleen in the famous satire, the Misopogon or Beard-Hater, in which, by pretending to satirize himself and the philosopher's beard which he wore in a clean-shaven age, he was able to pour forth his bitter anger against, and disappointment with, the people of Antioch.
Egil Eide as Julian in the 1903 Oslo premiere of Emperor and Galilean. Emperor and Galilean (in Norwegian: Kejser og Galilæer) is a play written by Henrik Ibsen. [1] Although it is one of the writer's lesser known plays, on several occasions Henrik Ibsen called Emperor and Galilean his major work.
Julian was Roman co-emperor since 355, and ruled solely for 18 months 361–363. Known to Christians as "Julian the Apostate", he was a nephew of Constantine the Great and received a Christian training. Following the death of Constantine, he witnessed the assassination of his father, brother and other family members by the guards of the ...
Julian invaded the Sasanian Empire with a force of 95,000 men, hoping to secure the eastern frontier [2] and to replace Shah Shapur II with his brother Hormisdas. [3] He split his force in two, one under his cousin Procopius numbering 30,000 men, [4] which marched to northern Mesopotamia, and the other consisting of 65,000 men under his own leadership.