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A tifa totobuang is a music ensemble from the Maluku Islands, related to the kulintang orchestra. It consists of a set of a double row of gong chimes known as the totobuang (similar to set of bonang gong chimes) and a set of tifa drums.
In Papua the tifa is called eme by the Asmat people, kalin kla in Teminabuan, wachu in Sentani, sirep, sandio or tambur [5] (for the larger drum) in Biak, kandara among the Marind people, [4] and tummour or titir (for the larger drum) among the Mbaham-Matta people of Fakfak. [11] [12]
Though ancient Chinese, Indians, Egyptians and Mesopotamians are known to have studied the mathematical principles of sound, [2] the Pythagoreans (in particular Philolaus and Archytas) [3] of ancient Greece were the first researchers known to have investigated the expression of musical scales in terms of numerical ratios, [4] particularly the ratios of small integers.
Ganrang Pakarena are usually smaller with diameters measuring in 30–40 cm, which are usually used for Pakarena dance, which used 2-4 drums with differing beats and symbolizes the men's strength and vitality. Ganrang Pamancak are usually the smallest with diameters measuring in 20–25 cm, and used as martial arts accompaniments.
[3] [4] The bore diameter in relation to length determines whether the fundamental tone or the first overtone is the lowest partial practically available to the player in terms of playability and musicality, dividing brass instruments into whole-tube and half-tube instruments.
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The first book on the systematic algebraic solutions of linear and quadratic equations by the Persian scholar Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī. The book is considered to be the foundation of modern algebra and Islamic mathematics. [10] The word "algebra" itself is derived from the al-Jabr in the title of the book. [11]
In this class of musical instruments is the flute, but there are only four holes. Saluang length is approximately 40–60 cm, with a diameter of 3–4 cm. Talang is also used to make lemang, the traditional Minangkabau sticky rice cake. This instrument can produce sound by blowing it at the corner of the edge or the upper cavity.