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Electromechanical protective relays operate by either magnetic attraction, or magnetic induction. [9]: 14 Unlike switching type electromechanical relays with fixed and usually ill-defined operating voltage thresholds and operating times, protective relays have well-established, selectable, and adjustable time and current (or other operating parameter) operating characteristics.
A three-phase induction motor has a simple design, inherently high starting torque and high efficiency. Such motors are applied in industry for many applications. A three-phase motor is more compact and less costly than a single-phase motor of the same voltage class and rating, and single-phase AC motors above 10 hp (7.5 kW) are uncommon. Three ...
In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three conductors carrying alternating voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the period. A three-phase system may be arranged in delta (∆) or star (Y) (also denoted as wye in some areas, as symbolically it is similar to the letter 'Y').
Today, microprocessor-based relays can perform many protective functions in one device. [1] When one device performs several protective functions, it is typically denoted "11" by the standard as a "Multifunction Device", but ANSI Device Numbers are still used in documentation like single-line diagrams or schematics to indicate which specific ...
In many cases, it is possible to design a relay logic diagram directly from the narrative description of a control event sequence. In general, the following suggestions apply to designing a relay logic diagram: 1. Define the process to be controlled. 2. Draw a sketch of the operation process. Make sure all the components of the system are ...
Current and voltage transformers to step down the high voltages and currents of the electrical power system to convenient levels for the relays to deal with; Protective relays to sense the fault and initiate a trip, or disconnection, order; Circuit breakers or RCDs to open/close the system based on relay and autorecloser commands
Most of the world uses 50 Hz 220 or 230 V single phase, or 400 V three-phase for residential and light industrial services. In this system, the primary distribution network supplies a few substations per area, and the 230 V / 400 V power from each substation is directly distributed to end users over a region of normally less than 1 km radius.
The non-tripped state is typically 24 VDC, and the tripped state (when the safety barrier has been violated) 0 VDC. If a wire were to break between the light curtain and the safety relay, the safety relay would trip to the safe state. The OSSD outputs are self-checked. In the non-tripped state, the outputs periodically pulse low.