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A xanthoma (pl. xanthomas or xanthomata) (condition: xanthomatosis) is a deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material that can appear anywhere in the body in various disease states. [2] They are cutaneous manifestations of lipidosis in which lipids accumulate in large foam cells within the skin. [ 2 ]
Xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes Xanthoma variant Associated subtype(s) Xanthoma striatum palmare: III Plane xanthoma: II Plane xanthoma specifically of the antecubital fossa and web spaces of the fingers: IIb Eruptive xanthoma: I, IV, V Tendinous xanthoma: II Xanthelasma: II, III Tuberous xanthoma: II, III
Eruptive xanthomas are 2–5 mm papules, often with a red ring around them, that occur in clusters on the skin of the trunk, buttocks and extremities. [2] Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia causes larger, tuberous xanthomas; these are red or orange and occur on the elbows and knees. Palmar crease xanthomas may also occur. [1] [2]
Generalized eruptive histiocytoma; Indeterminate cell histiocytosis; Juvenile xanthogranuloma; Progressive nodular histiocytoma; Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (Giant Cell) Reticulohistiocytoma; Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis; Rosai–Dorfman disease; Xanthoma disseminatum; Kikuchi disease; Erdheim–Chester disease. [2]
Xanthoma disseminatum is a rare cutaneous condition that preferentially affects males in childhood, characterized by the insidious onset of small, yellow-red to brown papules and nodules that are discrete and disseminated.
Medication-induced hyperlipoproteinemia is a condition that results from the decreasing of lipoprotein lipase activity resulting in eruptive xanthomas. [ 1 ] : 535 See also
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis; Citrullinemia; Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Gunther's disease) Diabetic bulla (bullosis diabeticorum, bullous eruption of diabetes mellitus) Diabetic cheiroarthropathy; Diabetic dermopathy (shin spots) Dystrophic calcinosis cutis; Eruptive xanthoma; Erythropoietic protoporphyria Erythropoietic protoporphyria
Eruptive xanthomas; Urticaria; A similar response occurs in pyoderma gangrenosum and Behcet's syndrome, and is referred to as pathergy. [3] Rarely Koebner phenomenon has been reported as a mechanism of acute myeloid leukemia dissemination. [4]