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1987: Yoshizumi Ishino discovers and describes part of a DNA sequence which later will be called CRISPR. 1989: Thomas Cech discovered that RNA can catalyze chemical reactions, [ 60 ] making for one of the most important breakthroughs in molecular genetics, because it elucidates the true function of poorly understood segments of DNA .
Using these x-rays and information already known about the chemistry of DNA, James D. Watson and Francis Crick demonstrated the molecular structure of DNA in 1953. [22] [23] Together, these discoveries established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA which is transcribed by
1972 – The DNA composition of chimpanzees and gorillas is discovered to be 99% similar to that of humans. 1973 – Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using bacterial genes. [6] 1974 – Scientists invent the first biocement for industrial applications.
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule based on the discoveries made by Rosalind Franklin. [5] In 1961, François Jacob and Jacques Monod demonstrated that the products of certain genes regulated the expression of other genes by acting upon specific sites at the edge of those genes.
The timeline begins at the Bronze Age, as it is difficult to give even estimates for the timing of events prior to this, such as of the discovery of counting, natural numbers and arithmetic. To avoid overlap with timeline of historic inventions , the timeline does not list examples of documentation for manufactured substances and devices unless ...
For instance, Levine and colleagues reported the origin of five new genes in the D. melanogaster genome. [34] [35] Similar de novo origin of genes has been also shown in other organisms such as yeast, [36] rice [37] and humans. [38] De novo genes may evolve from spurious transcripts that are already expressed at low levels. [39]
The timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth. Dates in this article are consensus estimates based on scientific evidence , mainly fossils .
1021 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) pioneers the experimental scientific method and experimental physics in his Book of Optics, where he devises the first scientific experiments on optics, including the first use of the camera obscura to prove that light travels in straight lines and the first experimental proof that visual perception is caused ...