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Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism , though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence .
An Introduction to Algebraic Topology (1988), Springer-Verlag; ISBN 0-387-96678-1 An Introduction to the Theory of Groups (1995), Springer-Verlag; ISBN 0-387-94285-8 A First Course in Abstract Algebra (2000), Prentice Hall; ISBN 0-13-011584-3
In mathematics, especially in algebraic topology, the homotopy limit and colimit [1] pg 52 are variants of the notions of limit and colimit extended to the homotopy category (). The main idea is this: if we have a diagram
110 Differential Algebraic Topology: From Stratifolds to Exotic Spheres, Matthias Kreck (2010, ISBN 978-0-8218-4898-2) 111 Ricci Flow and the Sphere Theorem, Simon Brendle (2010, ISBN 978-0-8218-4938-5) 112 Optimal Control of Partial Differential Equations: Theory, Methods and Applications, Fredi Troltzsch (2010, ISBN 978-0-8218-4904-0)
Hatcher, Allen (2002), Algebraic Topology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79540-0. Jean-Pierre Marquis (2006) "A path to Epistemology of Mathematics: Homotopy theory", pages 239 to 260 in The Architecture of Modern Mathematics, J. Ferreiros & J.J. Gray, editors, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-856793-6
In mathematics, directed algebraic topology is a refinement of algebraic topology for directed spaces, topological spaces and their combinatorial counterparts equipped with some notion of direction. Some common examples of directed spaces are spacetimes and simplicial sets .
Differential graded algebra: the algebraic structure arising on the cochain level for the cup product; Poincaré duality: swaps some of these; Intersection theory: for a similar theory in algebraic geometry
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics (UTM) (ISSN 0172-6056) is a series of undergraduate-level textbooks in mathematics published by Springer-Verlag.The books in this series, like the other Springer-Verlag mathematics series, are small yellow books of a standard size.