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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. [1] Signs and symptoms may include vomiting , abdominal pain , deep gasping breathing , increased urination , weakness, confusion and occasionally loss of consciousness . [ 1 ]
Ketotic hypoglycemia classically presents in male young children, typically between the ages of 10 months and 6 years, in the morning after a prolonged overnight fast. Symptoms include those of neuroglycopenia, ketosis, or both. [6] [7] Neuroglycopenic symptoms usually include lethargy and malaise, but may include unresponsiveness or seizures.
Malformation or absence of the middle ear is also possible, individuals can have mild to profound hearing loss. People with BOR may also have cysts or fistulae along the sides of their neck. [1] In some individuals and families, renal features are completely absent. The disease may then be termed "branchio-oto syndrome" (BO syndrome). [6] [7]
Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state caused by uncontrolled production of ketone bodies that cause a metabolic acidosis. While ketosis refers to any elevation of blood ketones, ketoacidosis is a specific pathologic condition that results in changes in blood pH and requires medical attention.
Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) is a specific group of symptoms and metabolic state related to alcohol use. [3] Symptoms often include abdominal pain, vomiting, agitation, a fast respiratory rate, and a specific "fruity" smell. [ 2 ]
Maple syrup urine disease can be classified by its pattern of signs and symptoms or by its genetic cause. The most common and severe form of this disease is the classic type, which appears soon after birth, and as long as it remains untreated, gives rise to progressive and unremitting symptoms.
During a ketoacidotic crisis, intravenous fluids with glucose and electrolytes should be administered immediately. Bicarbonate (initially as 1 mmol/kg over 10 minutes followed by continuous infusion) should be given to treat acidosis. Carnitine supplementation may be helpful. Dialysis is effective but usually not necessary.
TBS patients may have the following symptoms: [3] Abnormalities of the external ears (unusually large or small, unusually shaped, sometimes with sensorineural hearing loss or deafness due to lesions or dysfunctions of part of the internal ear or its nerve tracts and centers or conductive hearing loss from the external or middle ear), dysplastic ears, lop ear (over-folded ear helix ...