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A circle of latitude or line of latitude on Earth is an abstract east–west small circle connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring elevation) at a given latitude coordinate line. Circles of latitude are often called parallels because they are parallel to each other; that is, planes that contain any of these circles never intersect each ...
With this value for R the meridian length of 1 degree of latitude on the sphere is 111.2 km (69.1 statute miles) (60.0 nautical miles). The length of one minute of latitude is 1.853 km (1.151 statute miles) (1.00 nautical miles), while the length of 1 second of latitude is 30.8 m or 101 feet (see nautical mile).
The distance between two points 1 degree apart on the same circle of latitude, measured along that circle of latitude, is slightly more than the shortest distance between those points (unless on the equator, where these are equal); the difference is less than 0.6 m (2 ft).
Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic ...
The 45th parallel north is often called the halfway point between the equator and the North Pole, but the true halfway point is 16.038487 km (9.965854 mi) north of it (at approximately 45°08'39.544") because Earth is an oblate spheroid; that is, it bulges at the equator and is flattened at the poles.
Highway sign marking the 45th parallel in New Zealand. It is the line that marks the theoretical halfway point between the equator and the South Pole. The true halfway point is 16.2 km (10.1 mi) south of this parallel because Earth is not a perfect sphere, but bulges at the equator and is flattened at the poles. [1]
The 49th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 49° north of Earth's equator. It crosses Europe , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , North America , and the Atlantic Ocean . The city of Paris is about 15 km (9 mi) south of the 49th parallel and is the largest city between the 48th and 49th parallels.
The 80th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 80 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane, and 10 degrees (690 miles / 1100 kilometers) south of the North Pole, in the Arctic. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean , Europe , Asia , the Arctic Ocean , and North America .