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The volcano made up for this decrease in magma by retrieving more magma from its storage zone to bring up to the upper levels of the plumbing system. Due to this retrieval, it led to an eruption. The microgravity studies that were performed by this team shows the migration of magma and gas within a magma chamber prior to any eruption, which can ...
Short-term forecasts tend to use seismic or multiple monitoring data with long term forecasting involving the study of the previous history of local volcanism. [ 13 ] : 1 However, volcanology forecasting does not just involve predicting the next initial onset time of an eruption, as it might also address the size of a future eruption, and ...
A volcanologist, or volcano scientist, is a geologist who focuses on understanding the formation and eruptive activity of volcanoes. [1] Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, sometimes active ones, to observe and monitor volcanic eruptions , collect eruptive products including tephra (such as ash or pumice ), rock and lava samples.
Data dredging (also known as data snooping or p-hacking) [1] [a] is the misuse of data analysis to find patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant, thus dramatically increasing and understating the risk of false positives.
In scientific inquiry and academic research, data fabrication is the intentional misrepresentation of research results. As with other forms of scientific misconduct , it is the intent to deceive that marks fabrication as unethical, and thus different from scientists deceiving themselves .
A fumarole (or fumerole) [1] is a vent in the surface of the Earth or another rocky planet from which hot volcanic gases and vapors are emitted, without any accompanying liquids or solids. Fumaroles are characteristic of the late stages of volcanic activity , but fumarole activity can also precede a volcanic eruption and has been used for ...
Informally called "fudging the data," this practice includes selective reporting (see also publication bias) and even simply making up false data. Examples of selective reporting abound. The easiest and most common examples involve choosing a group of results that follow a pattern consistent with the preferred hypothesis while ignoring other ...
There were three main shield volcanoes built on the seamount base (from north to south): the Northern Edifice, the Central Edifice and the Jandia Edifice. [76] [77] The central shield volcano is the oldest, built mostly from 22 to 18 Ma but with a later phase from 17.5 to 13 Ma. The southern shield volcano formed from 21 to 14 Ma.