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What level of pain do fish feel? That, too, is unknown. Zangroniz said studies only use a few species of fish and don't represent the more than 30,000 fish species that exist.
It has been argued that fish cannot feel pain because they do not have a sufficient density of appropriate nerve fibres. A typical human cutaneous nerve contains 83% Group C nerve fibres, [114] however, the same nerves in humans with congenital insensitivity to pain have only 24–28% C-type fibres. [114]
In 2002, James Rose (University of Wyoming) and more recently Brian Key (University of Queensland) published reviews arguing that fish (and presumably crustaceans) cannot feel pain because they lack a neocortex in the brain and therefore do not have consciousness.
Rose had published a study a year earlier arguing that fish cannot feel pain because their brains lack a neocortex. [38] However, animal behaviorist Temple Grandin argues that fish could still have consciousness without a neocortex because "different species can use different brain structures and systems to handle the same functions." [36]
Reviews have been published arguing that fish cannot feel pain because they lack a neocortex in the brain. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] If true, this would also rule out pain perception in most mammals, all birds, reptiles [ 83 ] and cephalopods.
A growing body of research that suggests fish feel pain is sparking an effort to improve the treatment of farm-raised fish that end up on American dinner plates.
When people feel sympathy for inanimate objects, they are anthropomorphizing, attributing human behaviors or feelings to animals or objects who cannot feel the same emotions as we do, Shepard said.
She showed that fish which live in stable environments (like ponds) use visual markers for guides, whereas fish that live in rivers learn directions using sequences (like left, right, left, right). Her research was the first to show that an animal's cognition is shaped by the worlds in which they live.