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Infiltration will occur where local groundwater elevation is higher than the sewer pipe. Gravel bedding materials in sewer pipe trenches act as a French drain. Groundwater flows parallel to the sewer until it reaches the area of damaged pipe. In areas of low groundwater, sewage may exfiltrate into groundwater from a leaking sewer. [6]
Sanitary manholes should be constructed at locations where there is a change from a simple straight sewer line. These include all junctions that combine multiple lines into one or split from one, bends, changing in elevation, changing in pipe size, and changing in pipe type.
A sewer pipe is normally at neutral air pressure compared to the surrounding atmosphere.When a column of waste water flows through a pipe, it compresses air ahead of it in the system, creating a positive pressure that must be released so it does not push back on the waste stream and downstream traps, slow drainage, and induce potential clogs.
However, the least cost approach normally results in a minimum capacity for a water supply network. A minimum cost model usually searches for the least cost solution (in pipe sizes), while satisfying the hydraulic constraints such as: required output pressures, maximum pipe flow rate and pipe flow velocities.
A Allocation of costs is the transfer of costs from one cost item to one or more other cost items. Allowance - a value in an estimate to cover the cost of known but not yet fully defined work. As-sold estimate - the estimate which matches the agreed items and price for the project scope. B Basis of estimate (BOE) - a document which describes the scope basis, pricing basis, methods ...
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