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The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, [1] was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.
[1] [2] Prompted by the Protestant Reformation at the time, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. [3] [4] It was the last time an ecumenical council was organised outside the city of Rome.
The Counter-Reformation in Poland (Polish: Kontrreformacja w Polsce) was the response (Counter-Reformation) of Catholic Church in Poland (more precisely, the Kingdom of Poland until 1568, and thereafter the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) to the spread of Protestantism in Poland (the Protestant Reformation).
In response, the Catholic Church began its own reformation process known as the "counter-reformation" which culminated in the Council of Trent. This council was responsible for several practical changes and doctrinal clarifications. [11] In spite of this, the two parties remained notably dissimilar.
Robert Bellarmine SJ (/ ˈ b ɛ l ɑːr m iː n /; Italian: Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino; 4 October 1542 – 17 September 1621) was an Italian Jesuit and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was canonized a saint in 1930 [1] and named Doctor of the Church, one of only 37. He was one of the most important figures in the Counter-Reformation.
The Counter-Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation. The essence of the Counter-Reformation was a renewed conviction in traditional practices and the upholding of Catholic doctrine as the source of ecclesiastic and moral reform, and the answer to halting the spread of ...
The European wars of religion are also known as the Wars of the Reformation. [1] [8] [9] [10] In 1517, Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses took only two months to spread throughout Europe with the help of the printing press, overwhelming the abilities of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the papacy to contain it.
The devotional side of the Counter-Reformation combined two strategies of Catholic Renewal. For one, the emphasis of God as an unknowable absolute ruler - a God to be feared - coincided well with the aggressive absolutism of the papacy under Paul IV. But it also opened up new paths toward popular piety and individual religious experience.