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Thus, in humans, the nail of the index finger grows faster than that of the little finger; and fingernails grow up to four times faster than toenails. [10] In humans, fingernails grow at an average rate of approx. 3.5 mm (0.14 in) a month, whereas toenails grow about half as fast (approx. average 1.6 mm (0.063 in) a month). [11]
The lunula (pl.: lunulae; from Latin 'little moon') is the crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail.. In humans, it appears by week 14 [1] of gestation, and has a primary structural role in defining the free edge of the distal nail plate (the part of the nail that grows outward).
Mees' lines can look similar to injury to the nail, which should not be confused with true Mees' lines. [1]Mees' lines appear after an episode of poisoning with arsenic, [2] thallium or other heavy metals or selenium, [3] opioid MT-45, and can also appear if the subject is suffering from kidney failure. [4]
There are several causes of Beau's lines. It is believed that there is a temporary cessation of cell division in the nail matrix.This may be caused by an infection or problem in the nail fold, where the nail begins to form, or it may be caused by an injury to that area.
The accessory nail of the fifth toe, also known as a double nail of the fifth toe (DNFT) [1] or a petaloid toenail, [2] is a physical trait of the small toe, where a minuscule sixth toenail is present in the outer corner of the nail situated on the smallest toe. Although understudied and underreported, its prevalence is common.
The joint study from Duke University and Environmental Working Group says a chemical used in many nail polishes known as TPHP can leak through the skin and into the wearer's bloodstream.
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Leukonychia striata, transverse leukonychia, or Mees' lines are a whitening or discoloration of the nail in bands or "stria" that run parallel to the lunula (nail base). This is commonly caused by physical injury or disruption of the nail matrix.